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Desalination ...Meerwasserentsalzung
Desalination. Reasons for its past development and future
possibilities. The cost: a barrier that has yet to appear, when the
demand and offer curves of a limited resource meet up
Since the 60s, tourism has grown on the Canary Islands thanks to
the favorable climate: low rainfall favored it, although the
sub-desert climate of some of the islands was a limiting factor for
its development.
Water prices per produced m3 were then around 400 to 500 pesetas
(2.5 to 3 euro) but at that time supply was of greater concern than
the price.
It is easy to comprehend the fact that new technologies that ensure
a continuous supply of drinking water and that also guarantee a
price similar to that of the market are researched. Desalination,
both thermal and membrane, appeared as a feasible solution with the
development of the first desalination plants.
The technology is proven with water with different salinity loads
for small flow supplies that enable the guaranteeing of the water
quality.
The technologies are fine-tuned throughout the 80s, plant
capacities are increased, and the first reliable operation and
investment costs are determined.
Table I. Evolution of the first desalination reference plants in
Spain.
1964 First plant with MSF technology (thermal) on Lanzarote
1970 Las Palmas I. 20,000 m3/day. First dual MSF + Reverse Osmosis
(RO) plant.
1972 First vapor compression plant (VC) in Lanzarote (350
m3/day).
1976 First plant for treating brackish water for agricultural use
on Fuerteventura
1980 Las Palmas II.18,000 m3/day MSF + RO
1984 Lanzarote. 500 m3/day. First plant for treating sea water
using reverse osmosis.
1986 Lanzarote II. 7,500 m3/day. With porous fiber membrane.
1988 Maspalomas I. 20,000 m3/day. First EDR technology plant.
The energy consumption of these plants was between 15 and 20 kWh
per m3 of produced water, and the cost of producing one m3 of
drinking water was 2.5 euro.
In spite of the high cost, technological know-how was being gained
and investments began to be made in systems that reduced energy
consumption and utilize membranes with better permeability and
lower pressure demands.
As of from the 90s, technology progresses in each of the plants
constructed, and is developed in the areas in Spain that have
problems with water supply discontinuity.
This results in desalination being promoted as a feasible
technology that guarantees a continuous supply, although it has to
compete with subsidized water for agricultural use and the
inexistence of a water saving culture. It is around this time that
construction of large plants begins, many of which are only
utilized when there is a scarcity of water given that the
production cost is higher than that of subsidized water.
Table II. Other references for desalination plants in Spain.
1990: Las Palmas III. 36,000 m3/day. First plant with spiral
membranes.
1996: Decosol. 45,000 m3/day. Porous fiber membranes.
1997: 55,000 m3/day. Marbella
1996-98: South East. 25,000 m3/day. First plant with seven
membranes in each vessel.
1999: Bahía de Palma. 45,000 m3/day. First plant with pelton
turbine.
1999: 20,000 m3/day. Inalsa IV
2000: 20,000 m3/day. Adeje Arona (Currently increased and operating
at 40,000 m3/day)
2000: 30,000 m3/day. Mazarron Irrigation User Board
2001: 63,000 m3/day. Palma de Majorca
2001: 63,000 m3/day. Las Palmas III
2002: 26,000 m3/day. Javea
2003: 50,000 m3/day. Almeria
2004: 65,000 m3/day. Cartagena
2004: 125,000 m3/day. Carboneras
2005: 165,000 m3/day. El Atabal
While in Spain, membrane technologies establish themselves, in
other areas such as the Persian Gulf, where there is no shortage of
energy thanks to the abundance of oil, development follows along
the lines of thermal process desalination and in a few years it
becomes the world’s leader in desalination.
The process extends to different countries such as Egypt where, in
the late 90s, more than 40 desalination plants are constructed in
less than 3 years to solve a sustainable growth problem. The same
thing happens in the Caribbean, where there is a shortage of
drinking water but unlimited seawater. This same solution has been
adopted in arid and coastal areas worldwide: Cyprus, USA, Chile,
Philippines, Singapore, Morocco, or Algeria.
The reason for this is that desalination is currently a reliable
technology that guarantees a continuous supply, with a competitive
production cost in coastal areas. Almost all international projects
range between 0.6 and 0.8 euro per cubic meter, in which the
investment for plant construction, and operation and maintenance
over the management period (20 to 30 years) is included.
The graphs below show the evolution of the operation cost and the
specific energy consumption and the optimization of the technology
as regards membrane replacement and the reduction of energy
consumption levels.
Reverse osmosis technology, which is utilized in desalination, is
also utilized for industrial processes such as for brine
concentration or to produce water, with qualities suitable for
different uses such as in cooling towers or in high pressure
boilers for steam production. Reverse osmosis is being used to
supply quality water to steam turbines in combined cycle plants,
for electric energy generation purposes worldwide.
This consolidated technology still has to mature and develop on new
fronts, such as reutilization, potabilization of brackish water,
the treatment of water polluted with Nitrates due to the excessive
use of fertilizers, waters loaded with Arsenic or Boron. The new
European drinking water legislation establishes strict limits for
new agents, the elimination of which can only be guaranteed with
membranes.
If one considers that we can currently pay as much as one euro
for a 250 ml bottle of water in a gas station and that, for this
money, a desalination plant is capable of producing 4,000 liters of
water of the same or better quality, it is easy to comprehend that
desalination will tend to become the majority solution.
Its use will become generalized when the price of water is real and
we become conscious of its true value.