Iron Mountain Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2023 Results

Iron Mountain Incorporated (NYSE: IRM), a global leader in information management services, announces financial results for the fourth quarter and full year 2023. The conference call / webcast details, earnings call presentation and supplemental financial information, which includes definitions of certain capitalized terms used in this release, are available on Iron Mountain’s Investor Relations website. Reconciliations of non-GAAP measures to the appropriate GAAP measures are included herein.

"We are pleased to report outstanding performance in both the fourth quarter and the full year, again resulting in all-time record Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA," said William L. Meaney, President and CEO of Iron Mountain. "We are well positioned to continue our growth trajectory in 2024, which is reflected in our financial guidance for double digit revenue growth. Our Project Matterhorn initiative is propelling us on our growth journey, and our team's unwavering customer-first mindset continues to flourish as we grow our portfolio of products to meet our customers' needs. We are also pleased to confirm that our acquisition of Regency Technologies closed in early January; this acquisition continues to build on our leadership in Asset Lifecycle Management."

Financial Performance Highlights for the Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2023
($ in millions, except per share data)
		Three Months Ended				Y/Y % Change				Full Year				Y/Y % Change
		12/31/23		12/31/22		Reported $		Constant Fx		12/31/23		12/31/22		Reported $		Constant Fx
Storage Rental Revenue		$871		$769		13%		12%		$3,371		$3,034		11%		11%
Service Revenue		$549		$510		8%		7%		$2,109		$2,070		2%		2%
Total Revenue		$1,420		$1,279		11%		10%		$5,480		$5,104		7%		8%
Net Income		$29		$126		(77)%				$187		$562		(67)%
Reported EPS		$0.10		$0.42		(76)%				$0.63		$1.90		(67)%
Adjusted EPS		$0.52		$0.43		21%				$1.82		$1.79		2%
Adjusted EBITDA		$525		$472		11%		10%		$1,962		$1,827		7%		8%
Adjusted EBITDA Margin		37.0%		36.9%		10 bps				35.8%		35.8%		—
AFFO (Updated Calculation)		$328		$299		10%				$1,211		$1,151		5%
AFFO per share (Updated Calculation)		$1.11		$1.02		9%				$4.12		$3.93		5%
AFFO (Prior Calculation)		$317		$287		10%				$1,168		$1,110		5%
AFFO per share (Prior Calculation)		$1.07		$0.98		9%				$3.97		$3.80		4%
For details on our updated AFFO calculation, please see page 2.

• Total reported revenues for the fourth quarter were $1.4 billion, compared with $1.3 billion in the fourth quarter of 2022, an increase of 11.0%. Excluding the impact of foreign currency exchange ("Fx"), total reported revenues increased 10.0% compared to the prior year, driven by a 12.0% increase in storage rental revenue. Service revenue growth increased 8.8% on a constant currency basis excluding the ALM business. For the full year, total reported revenues increased 7.4%, or 7.6% excluding the impact of Fx.
• Net Income for the fourth quarter was $29.2 million, compared with $125.7 million in the fourth quarter of 2022. For the full year, net income was $187.3 million, compared with $562.1 million in 2022, primarily driven by higher levels of restructuring and other transformation costs, lower gains on asset recycling as compared to the full year of 2022, and the negative impact from changes in foreign exchange rates.
• Adjusted EBITDA for the fourth quarter was $525.2 million, compared with $471.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2022, an increase of 11.3%. On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA increased by 10.3% in the fourth quarter, driven by the increase in storage rental revenue and data center commencements. On a constant currency basis, full year Adjusted EBITDA increased 7.5%.
• FFO (Normalized) per share was $0.83 for the fourth quarter, compared with $0.74 in the fourth quarter of 2022. For the full year, FFO (Normalized) per share was $3.04, compared with $2.93 in 2022, or an increase of 3.8%.
• AFFO was $327.6 million for the fourth quarter, compared with $298.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2022, an increase of 10%. For the full year, AFFO was $1.21 billion, compared with $1.15 billion in 2022, or an increase of 5%. Effective Q4 2023, our AFFO definition has been updated to exclude amortization of capitalized commissions. With this change, our calculation more accurately represents our funds available to support growth, and is more comparable to our peers, including those in the data center industry. The updated calculation has resulted in an $11.0 million increase to AFFO in the fourth quarter and a $43.4 million increase for the full year. For comparability to our previously issued financial guidance, please see the above table which includes the AFFO results based on both our updated and prior calculations.
• AFFO per share was $1.11 for the fourth quarter, compared with $1.02 in the fourth quarter of 2022. For the full year, AFFO per share was $4.12, compared with $3.93 in 2022 or an increase of 5%. Effective Q4 2023, our AFFO definition has been updated to exclude amortization of capitalized commissions. With this change, our calculation is more comparable to our peers, including those in the data center industry. The updated calculation has resulted in a $0.04 increase to AFFO per share in the fourth quarter and a $0.15 increase to AFFO per share for the full year. For comparability to our previously issued financial guidance, please see the above table which includes the AFFO per share results based on both our updated and prior calculations.

Dividend

On February 22, 2024, Iron Mountain's Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.65 per share for the first quarter. The first quarter 2024 dividend is payable on April 4, 2024, for shareholders of record on March 15, 2024.

Guidance

Iron Mountain issued full year 2024 guidance; details are summarized in the table below.

2024 Guidance(1)
($ in millions, except per share data)
			2024 Guidance			Y/Y % Change at Midpoint
Total Revenue			$6,000 - $6,150			11%
Adjusted EBITDA			$2,175 - $2,225			12%
AFFO			$1,300 - $1,335			9%
AFFO Per Share			$4.39 - $4.51			8%

(1) Iron Mountain does not provide a reconciliation of non-GAAP measures that it discusses as part of its annual guidance or long term outlook because certain significant information required for such reconciliation is not available without unreasonable efforts or at all, including, most notably, the impact of exchange rates on Iron Mountain’s transactions, loss or gain related to the disposition of real estate and other income or expense. Without this information, Iron Mountain does not believe that a reconciliation would be meaningful. AFFO and AFFO per share are presented based on our updated calculation, and growth is calculated on a comparable basis.

About Iron Mountain

Iron Mountain Incorporated (NYSE: IRM) is a global leader in information management services. Founded in 1951 and trusted by more than 240,000 customers worldwide, Iron Mountain serves to protect and elevate the power of our customers’ work. Through a range of offerings including digital transformation, data centers, secure records storage, information management, asset lifecycle management, secure destruction and art storage and logistics, Iron Mountain helps businesses bring light to their dark data, enabling customers to unlock value and intelligence from their stored digital and physical assets at speed and with security, while helping them meet their environmental goals.

To learn more about Iron Mountain, please visit: www.IronMountain.com and follow @IronMountain on X (formerly Twitter) and LinkedIn.

Forward Looking Statements

We have made statements in this press release that constitute "forward-looking statements" as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other securities laws. These forward-looking statements concern our current expectations regarding our future results from operations, economic performance, financial condition, goals, strategies, investment objectives, plans and achievements.

These forward-looking statements are subject to various known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, and you should not rely upon them except as statements of our present intentions and of our present expectations, which may or may not occur. When we use words such as “believes”, “expects”, “anticipates”, “estimates”, “plans”, “intends”, “projects”, “pursue”, “will” or similar expressions, we are making forward-looking statements. Although we believe that our forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, our expected results may not be achieved, and actual results may differ materially from our expectations. In addition, important factors that could cause actual results to differ from expectations include, among others: (i) our ability or inability to execute our strategic growth plan, including our ability to invest according to plan, grow our businesses (including through joint ventures or other co-investment vehicles), incorporate alternative technologies (including artificial intelligence) into our offerings, achieve satisfactory returns on new product offerings, continue our revenue management, expand and manage our global operations, complete acquisitions on satisfactory terms, integrate acquired companies efficiently and transition to more sustainable sources of energy; (ii) changes in customer preferences and demand for our storage and information management services, including as a result of the shift from paper and tape storage to alternative technologies that require less physical space; (iii) the costs of complying with and our ability to comply with laws, regulations and customer requirements, including those relating to data privacy and cybersecurity issues, as well as fire and safety and environmental standards; (iv) the impact of attacks on our internal information technology (“IT”) systems, including the impact of such incidents on our reputation and ability to compete and any litigation or disputes that may arise in connection with such incidents; (v) our ability to fund capital expenditures; (vi) the impact of our distribution requirements on our ability to execute our business plan; (vii) our ability to remain qualified for taxation as a real estate investment trust for United States federal income tax purposes; (viii) changes in the political and economic environments in the countries in which we operate and changes in the global political climate; (ix) our ability to raise debt or equity capital and changes in the cost of our debt; (x) our ability to comply with our existing debt obligations and restrictions in our debt instruments; (xi) the impact of service interruptions or equipment damage and the cost of power on our data center operations; (xii) the cost or potential liabilities associated with real estate necessary for our business; (xiii) unexpected events, including those resulting from climate change or geopolitical events, could disrupt our operations and adversely affect our reputation and results of operations; (xiv) failures to implement and manage new IT systems; (xv) other trends in competitive or economic conditions affecting our financial condition or results of operations not presently contemplated; and (xvi) the other risks described in our periodic reports filed with the SEC, including under the caption “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements appearing in this press release.

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures

Throughout this press release, Iron Mountain discusses (1) Adjusted EBITDA, (2) Adjusted EPS, (3) FFO (Nareit), (4) FFO (Normalized), and (5) AFFO. These measures do not conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). These non-GAAP measures are supplemental metrics designed to enhance our disclosure and to provide additional information that we believe to be important for investors to consider in addition to, but not as a substitute for, other measures of financial performance reported in accordance with GAAP, such as operating income, net income (loss) attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated or cash flows from operating activities (as determined in accordance with GAAP). The reconciliation of these measures to the appropriate GAAP measure, as required by Regulation G under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and their definitions are included later in this release.

Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Audited; dollars in thousands)
		12/31/2023			12/31/2022
ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash and Cash Equivalents		$222,789			$141,797
Accounts Receivable, Net		1,259,826			1,174,915
Prepaid Expenses and Other		252,930			230,433
Total Current Assets		$1,735,545			$1,547,145
Property, Plant and Equipment:
Property, Plant and Equipment		$10,373,989			$9,025,765
Less: Accumulated Depreciation		(4,059,120	)		(3,910,321	)
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net		$6,314,869			$5,115,444
Other Assets, Net:
Goodwill		$5,017,912			$4,882,734
Customer and Supplier Relationships and Other Intangible Assets		1,279,800			1,423,145
Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets		2,696,024			2,583,704
Other		429,652			588,342
Total Other Assets, Net		$9,423,388			$9,477,925
Total Assets		$17,473,802			$16,140,514
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current Liabilities:
Current Portion of Long-term Debt		$120,670			$87,546
Accounts Payable		539,594			469,198
Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities		1,250,259			1,031,910
Deferred Revenue		325,665			328,910
Total Current Liabilities		$2,236,188			$1,917,564
Long-term Debt, Net of Current Portion		11,812,500			10,481,449
Long-term Operating Lease Liabilities, Net of Current Portion		2,562,394			2,429,167
Other Long-term Liabilities		237,590			317,376
Deferred Income Taxes		235,410			263,005
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests		177,947			95,160
Total Long-term Liabilities		$15,025,841			$13,586,157
Total Liabilities		$17,262,029			$15,503,721
Equity
Total Equity		$211,773			$636,793
Total Liabilities and Equity		$17,473,802			$16,140,514

Quarterly Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Unaudited; dollars in thousands, except per-share data)
		Q4 2023		Q3 2023			Q/Q % Change				Q4 2022			Y/Y % Change
Revenues:
Storage Rental		$871,144		$858,656			1.5	%			$769,457			13.2	%
Service		548,685		529,519			3.6	%			509,592			7.7	%
Total Revenues		$1,419,829		$1,388,175			2.3	%			$1,279,049			11.0	%
Operating Expenses:
Cost of Sales (excluding Depreciation and Amortization)		$601,329		$592,201			1.5	%			$539,982			11.4	%
Selling, General and Administrative		314,932		315,030			—				279,161			12.8	%
Depreciation and Amortization		199,941		198,757			0.6	%			190,649			4.9	%
Acquisition and Integration Costs		12,860		9,909			29.8	%			9,653			33.2	%
Restructuring and Other Transformation		53,853		38,861			38.6	%			38,551			39.7	%
Loss (Gain) on Disposal/Write-Down of PP&E, Net		6,157		(4,416	)		n/a				(27,144	)		(122.7	)%
Total Operating Expenses		$1,189,072		$1,150,342			3.4	%			$1,030,852			15.3	%
Operating Income (Loss)		$230,757		$237,833			(3.0	)%			$248,197			(7.0	)%
Interest Expense, Net		151,784		152,801			(0.7	)%			136,748			11.0	%
Other Expense (Income), Net		40,761		(16,271	)		n/a				(31,597	)		n/a
Net Income (Loss) Before Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes		$38,212		$101,303			(62.3	)%			$143,046			(73.3	)%
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes		9,018		9,912			(9.0	)%			17,392			(48.1	)%
Net Income (Loss)		$29,194		$91,391			(68.1	)%			$125,654			(76.8	)%
Less: Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests		712		348			104.6	%			3,216			(77.9	)%
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated		$28,482		$91,043			(68.7	)%			$122,437			(76.7	)%
Net Income (Loss) Per Share Attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated:
Basic		$0.10		$0.31			(67.7	)%			$0.42			(76.2	)%
Diluted		$0.10		$0.31			(67.7	)%			$0.42			(76.2	)%
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding - Basic		292,328		292,148			0.1	%			291,227			0.4	%
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding - Diluted		295,014		294,269			0.3	%			292,892			0.7	%

Full Year Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Audited; dollars in thousands, except per-share data)
		Full Year 2023			Full Year 2022			% Change
Revenues:
Storage Rental		$3,370,645			$3,034,023			11.1	%
Service		2,109,644			2,069,551			1.9	%
Total Revenues		$5,480,289			$5,103,574			7.4	%
Operating Expenses:
Cost of Sales (excluding Depreciation and Amortization)		$2,357,800			$2,189,120			7.7	%
Selling, General and Administrative		1,236,287			1,140,577			8.4	%
Depreciation and Amortization		776,159			727,595			6.7	%
Acquisition and Integration Costs		25,875			47,746			(45.8	)%
Restructuring and Other Transformation		175,215			41,933			n/a
(Gain) Loss on Disposal/Write-Down of PP&E, Net		(12,825	)		(93,268	)		(86.2	)%
Total Operating Expenses		$4,558,511			$4,053,703			12.5	%
Operating Income (Loss)		$921,778			$1,049,871			(12.2	)%
Interest Expense, Net		585,932			488,014			20.1	%
Other Expense (Income), Net		108,640			(69,781	)		n/a
Net Income (Loss) Before Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes		$227,206			$631,638			(64.0	)%
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes		39,943			69,489			(42.5	)%
Net Income (Loss)		$187,263			$562,149			(66.7	)%
Less: Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests		3,029			5,168			(41.4	)%
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated		$184,234			$556,981			(66.9	)%
Net Income (Loss) Per Share Attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated:
Basic		$0.63			$1.92			(67.2	)%
Diluted		$0.63			$1.90			(66.8	)%
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding - Basic		291,936			290,812			0.4	%
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding - Diluted		293,965			292,444			0.5	%

Quarterly Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to Adjusted EBITDA
(Dollars in thousands)
		Q4 2023		Q3 2023			Q/Q % Change				Q4 2022			Y/Y % Change
Net Income (Loss)		$29,194		$91,391			(68.1	)%			$125,654			(76.8	)%
Add / (Deduct):
Interest Expense, Net		151,784		152,801			(0.7	)%			136,748			11.0	%
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes		9,018		9,912			(9.0	)%			17,392			(48.1	)%
Depreciation and Amortization		199,941		198,757			0.6	%			190,649			4.9	%
Acquisition and Integration Costs		12,860		9,909			29.8	%			9,653			33.2	%
Restructuring and Other Transformation		53,853		38,861			38.6	%			38,551			39.7	%
Loss (Gain) on Disposal/Write-Down of PP&E, Net (Including Real Estate)		6,157		(4,416	)		n/a				(27,144	)		(122.7	)%
Other Expense (Income), Net, Excluding our Share of Losses (Gains) from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		40,332		(17,626	)		n/a				(34,455	)		n/a
Stock-Based Compensation Expense		20,604		18,313			12.5	%			10,938			88.4	%
Our Share of Adjusted EBITDA Reconciling Items from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		1,506		2,060			(26.9	)%			3,937			(61.7	)%
Adjusted EBITDA		$525,249		$499,962			5.1	%			$471,923			11.3	%

Adjusted EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest expense, net, provision (benefit) for income taxes, depreciation and amortization (inclusive of our share of Adjusted EBITDA from our unconsolidated joint ventures), and excluding certain items we do not believe to be indicative of our core operating results, specifically: (i) Acquisition and Integration Costs; (ii) Restructuring and other transformation; (iii) (Gain) loss on disposal/write-down of property, plant and equipment, net (including real estate); (iv) Other expense (income), net; and (v) Stock-based compensation expense. Adjusted EBITDA Margin is calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA by total revenues. We use multiples of current or projected Adjusted EBITDA in conjunction with our discounted cash flow models to determine our estimated overall enterprise valuation and to evaluate acquisition targets. We believe Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin provide our current and potential investors with relevant and useful information regarding our ability to generate cash flows to support business investment. These measures are an integral part of the internal reporting system we use to assess and evaluate the operating performance of our business.

Full Year Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to Adjusted EBITDA
(Dollars in thousands)
		Full Year 2023			Full Year 2022			% Change
Net Income (Loss)		$187,263			$562,149			(66.7	)%
Add / (Deduct):
Interest Expense, Net		585,932			488,014			20.1	%
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes		39,943			69,489			(42.5	)%
Depreciation and Amortization		776,159			727,595			6.7	%
Acquisition and Integration Costs		25,875			47,746			(45.8	)%
Restructuring and Other Transformation		175,215			41,933			n/a
(Gain) Loss on Disposal/Write-Down of PP&E, Net (Including Real Estate)		(12,825	)		(93,268	)		(86.2	)%
Other Expense (Income), Net, Excluding our Share of Losses (Gains) from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		98,891			(83,268	)		n/a
Stock-Based Compensation Expense		73,799			56,861			29.8	%
Our Share of Adjusted EBITDA Reconciling Items from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		11,425			9,806			16.5	%
Adjusted EBITDA		$1,961,677			$1,827,057			7.4	%

Quarterly Reconciliation of Reported Earnings per Share to Adjusted Earnings per Share
		Q4 2023			Q3 2023			Q/Q % Change				Q4 2022			Y/Y % Change
Reported EPS - Fully Diluted from Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated		$0.10			$0.31			(67.7	)%			$0.42			(76.2	)%
Add / (Deduct):
Acquisition and Integration Costs		0.04			0.03			33.3	%			0.03			33.3	%
Restructuring and Other Transformation		0.18			0.13			38.5	%			0.13			38.5	%
Loss (Gain) on Disposal/Write-Down of PP&E, Net		0.02			(0.02	)		n/a				(0.09	)		(122.2	)%
Other Expense (Income), Net, Excluding our Share of Losses (Gains) from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		0.14			(0.06	)		n/a				(0.12	)		n/a
Stock-Based Compensation Expense		0.07			0.06			16.7	%			0.04			75.0	%
Non-Cash Amortization Related to Derivative Instruments		0.01			0.02			(50.0	)%			0.03			(66.7	)%
Tax Impact of Reconciling Items and Discrete Tax Items (1)		(0.04	)		(0.03	)		33.3	%			(0.02	)		100.0	%
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests		—			—			n/a				0.01			(100.0	)%
Adjusted EPS - Fully Diluted from Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated		$0.52			$0.45			15.6	%			$0.43			20.9	%

(1) The difference between our effective tax rates and our structural tax rate (or adjusted effective tax rates) for the quarters ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is primarily due to (i) the reconciling items above, which impact our reported net income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes but have an insignificant impact on our reported provision (benefit) for income taxes and (ii) other discrete tax items. Our structural tax rate for purposes of the calculation of Adjusted EPS for the quarters ended December 31, 2023, September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was 12.3%, 13.3% and 15.2%, respectively.

Adjusted Earnings Per Share, or Adjusted EPS

We define Adjusted EPS as reported earnings per share fully diluted from net income (loss) attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated (inclusive of our share of adjusted losses (gains) from our unconsolidated joint ventures) and excluding certain items, specifically: (i) Acquisition and Integration Costs; (ii) Restructuring and other transformation; (iii) Amortization related to the write-off of certain customer relationship intangible assets; (iv) (Gain) loss on disposal/write-down of property, plant and equipment, net (including real estate); (v) Other expense (income), net; (vi) Stock-based compensation expense; (vii) Non-cash amortization related to derivative instruments; and (viii) Tax impact of reconciling items and discrete tax items. We do not believe these excluded items to be indicative of our ongoing operating results, and they are not considered when we are forecasting our future results. We believe Adjusted EPS is of value to our current and potential investors when comparing our results from past, present and future periods. Figures may not foot due to rounding.

Full Year Reconciliation of Reported Earnings per Share to Adjusted Earnings per Share
		Full Year 2023			Full Year 2022			% Change
Reported EPS - Fully Diluted from Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated		$0.63			$1.90			(66.8	)%
Add / (Deduct):
Acquisition and Integration Costs		0.09			0.16			(43.8	)%
Restructuring and Other Transformation		0.60			0.14			n/a
Amortization Related to the Write-Off of Certain Customer Relationship Intangible Assets		—			0.02			(100.0	)%
(Gain) Loss on Disposal/Write-Down of PP&E, Net		(0.04	)		(0.31	)		(87.1	)%
Other Expense (Income), Net, Excluding our Share of Losses (Gains) from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		0.34			(0.28	)		n/a
Stock-Based Compensation Expense		0.25			0.19			31.6	%
Non-Cash Amortization Related to Derivative Instruments		0.07			0.03			133.3	%
Tax Impact of Reconciling Items and Discrete Tax Items (1)		(0.12	)		(0.08	)		50.0	%
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests		0.01			0.02			(50.0	)%
Adjusted EPS - Fully Diluted from Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Iron Mountain Incorporated		$1.82			$1.79			1.7	%

(1) The difference between our effective tax rates and our structural tax rate (or adjusted effective tax rates) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is primarily due to (i) the reconciling items above, which impact our reported net income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes but have an insignificant impact on our reported provision (benefit) for income taxes and (ii) other discrete tax items. Our structural tax rate for purposes of the calculation of Adjusted EPS for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was 12.3% and 15.2%, respectively. The Tax Impact of Reconciling Items and Discrete Tax Items was calculated using the current quarter’s estimate of the annual structural tax rate for the full year. This may result in the current period adjustment plus prior reported quarterly adjustments not summing to the full year adjustment.

Quarterly Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to FFO and AFFO
(Dollars in thousands, except per-share data)
		Q4 2023			Q3 2023			Q/Q % Change				Q4 2022			Y/Y % Change
Net Income		$29,194			$91,391			(68.1	)%			$125,654			(76.8	)%
Add / (Deduct):
Real Estate Depreciation (1)		83,928			80,430			4.4	%			78,902			6.4	%
Loss (Gain) on Sale of Real Estate, Net of Tax		193			750			(74.3	)%			(29,629	)		(100.7	)%
Data Center Lease-Based Intangible Assets Amortization (2)		3,804			7,482			(49.2	)%			5,106			(25.5	)%
Our Share of FFO (Nareit) Reconciling Items from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		853			679			25.6	%			—			—
FFO (Nareit)		$117,972			$180,732			(34.7	)%			$180,033			(34.5	)%
Add / (Deduct):
Acquisition and Integration Costs		12,860			9,909			29.8	%			9,653			33.2	%
Restructuring and Other Transformation		53,853			38,861			38.6	%			38,551			39.7	%
Loss (Gain) on Disposal/Write-Down of PP&E, Net (Excluding Real Estate)		6,290			(5,116	)		n/a				2,138			194.3	%
Other Expense (Income), Net, Excluding our Share of Losses (Gains) from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		40,332			(17,626	)		n/a				(34,455	)		n/a
Stock-Based Compensation Expense		20,604			18,313			12.5	%			10,938			88.4	%
Non-Cash Amortization Related to Derivative Instruments		4,176			5,270			(20.8	)%			9,100			(54.1	)%
Real Estate Financing Lease Depreciation		3,022			3,001			0.7	%			2,970			1.8	%
Tax Impact of Reconciling Items and Discrete Tax Items (3)		(13,050	)		(10,220	)		27.7	%			(5,043	)		158.8	%
Our Share of FFO (Normalized) Reconciling Items from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		(56	)		(44	)		27.3	%			2,297			(102.4	)%
FFO (Normalized)		$246,005			$223,080			10.3	%			$216,182			13.8	%
Per Share Amounts (Fully Diluted Shares):
FFO (Nareit)		$0.40			$0.61			(34.4	)%			$0.61			(34.4	)%
FFO (Normalized)		$0.83			$0.76			9.2	%			$0.74			12.2	%
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding - Basic		292,328			292,148			0.1	%			291,227			0.4	%
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding - Diluted		295,014			294,269			0.3	%			292,892			0.7	%

(1) Includes depreciation expense related to owned real estate assets (land improvements, buildings, building improvements, leasehold improvements and racking), excluding depreciation related to real estate financing leases.

(2) Includes amortization expense for Data Center In-Place Lease Intangible Assets and Data Center Tenant Relationship Intangible Assets.

(3) Represents the tax impact of (i) the reconciling items above, which impact our reported net income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes but have an insignificant impact on our reported provision (benefit) from income taxes and (ii) other discrete tax items.

Funds From Operations, or FFO (Nareit), and FFO (Normalized)

Funds from operations ("FFO") is defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts as net income (loss) excluding depreciation on real estate assets, losses and gains on sale of real estate, net of tax, and amortization of data center leased-based intangibles (“FFO (Nareit)”). We calculate our FFO measure, including FFO (Nareit), adjusting for our share of reconciling items from our unconsolidated joint ventures. FFO (Nareit) does not give effect to real estate depreciation because these amounts are computed, under GAAP, to allocate the cost of a property over its useful life. Because values for well-maintained real estate assets have historically increased or decreased based upon prevailing market conditions, we believe that FFO (Nareit) provides investors with a clearer view of our operating performance. Our most directly comparable GAAP measure to FFO (Nareit) is net income (loss).

We modify FFO (Nareit), as is common among REITs seeking to provide financial measures that most meaningfully reflect their particular business ("FFO (Normalized)"). Our definition of FFO (Normalized) excludes certain items included in FFO (Nareit) that we believe are not indicative of our core operating results, specifically: (i) Acquisition and Integration Costs; (ii) Restructuring and other transformation; (iii) (Gain) loss on disposal/write-down of property, plant and equipment, net (excluding real estate); (iv) Other expense (income) net; (v) Stock-based compensation expense; (vi) Non-cash amortization related to derivative instruments; (vii) Real estate financing lease depreciation; and (viii) Tax impact of reconciling items and discrete tax items.

FFO (Normalized) per share

FFO (Normalized) divided by weighted average fully-diluted shares outstanding.

Quarterly Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to FFO and AFFO (continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per-share data)
		Q4 2023		Q3 2023			Q/Q % Change				Q4 2022		Y/Y % Change
FFO (Normalized)		$246,005		$223,080			10.3	%			$216,182		13.8	%
Add / (Deduct):
Non-Real Estate Depreciation		51,572		49,500			4.2	%			46,486		10.9	%
Amortization Expense (1)		57,613		58,344			(1.3	)%			57,186		0.7	%
Amortization of Deferred Financing Costs		3,278		5,485			(40.2	)%			4,508		(27.3	)%
Revenue Reduction Associated with Amortization of Customer Inducements and Above- and Below-Market Leases		1,829		1,715			6.6	%			2,587		(29.3	)%
Non-Cash Rent Expense (Income)		4,982		6,119			(18.6	)%			6,024		(17.3	)%
Reconciliation to Normalized Cash Taxes		7,090		(8,364	)		(184.8	)%			916		n/a
Our Share of AFFO Reconciling Items from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		181		182			(0.5	)%			974		(81.4	)%
Less:
Recurring Capital Expenditures		44,916		34,861			28.8	%			36,340		23.6	%
AFFO		$327,634		$301,201			8.8	%			$298,523		9.8	%
Per Share Amounts (Fully Diluted Shares):
AFFO Per Share		$1.11		$1.02			8.8	%			$1.02		8.8	%
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding - Basic		292,328		292,148			0.1	%			291,227		0.4	%
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding - Diluted		295,014		294,269			0.3	%			292,892		0.7	%

(1) Includes customer and supplier relationship value, intake costs, acquisition of customer relationships, capitalized commissions and other intangibles. Effective Q4 2023, our AFFO definition has been updated to exclude the amortization of capitalized commissions. Amortization expense of capitalized commissions was $11.0M and $11.7M for quarters ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively, and $11.0M for quarter ended September 30, 2023.

Adjusted Funds From Operations, or AFFO

We define adjusted funds from operations (“AFFO”) as FFO (Normalized) (1) excluding (i) non-cash rent expense (income), (ii) depreciation on non-real estate assets, (iii) amortization expense associated with customer and supplier relationship value, intake costs, acquisitions of customer and supplier relationships and other intangibles, (iv) amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discount/premium, (v) revenue reduction associated with amortization of customer inducements and above- and below-market data center leases and (vi) the impact of reconciling to normalized cash taxes and (2) including recurring capital expenditures. We also adjust for these items to the extent attributable to our portion of unconsolidated ventures. We believe that AFFO, as a widely recognized measure of operations of REITs, is helpful to investors as a meaningful supplemental comparative performance measure to other REITs, including on a per share basis. AFFO should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, other measures of financial performance reported in accordance with GAAP, such as operating income, net income (loss) or cash flows from operating activities (as determined in accordance with GAAP). Effective Q4 2023, our AFFO definition has been updated to exclude amortization of capitalized commissions. With this change, our calculation more accurately represents our funds available to support growth, and is more comparable to our peers, including those in the data center industry.

AFFO per share

AFFO divided by weighted average fully-diluted shares outstanding.

Full Year Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to FFO and AFFO
(Dollars in thousands, except per-share data)
		Full Year 2023			Full Year 2022			% Change
Net Income		$187,263			$562,149			(66.7	)%
Add / (Deduct):
Real Estate Depreciation (1)		322,045			307,895			4.6	%
(Gain) Loss on Sale of Real Estate, Net of Tax		(16,656	)		(94,059	)		(82.3	)%
Data Center Lease-Based Intangible Assets Amortization (2)		22,322			16,955			31.7	%
Our Share of FFO (Nareit) Reconciling Items from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		2,226			—			n/a
FFO (Nareit)		$517,200			$792,940			(34.8	)%
Add / (Deduct):
Acquisition and Integration Costs		25,875			47,746			(45.8	)%
Restructuring and Other Transformation		175,215			41,933			n/a
Loss (Gain) on Disposal/Write-Down of PP&E, Net (Excluding Real Estate)		4,307			1,564			175.4	%
Other Expense (Income), Net, Excluding our Share of Losses (Gains) from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		98,891			(83,268	)		n/a
Stock-Based Compensation Expense		73,799			56,861			29.8	%
Non-Cash Amortization Related to Derivative Instruments		21,097			9,100			131.8	%
Real Estate Financing Lease Depreciation		12,019			13,197			(8.9	)%
Tax Impact of Reconciling Items and Discrete Tax Items (3)		(35,307	)		(25,190	)		40.2	%
Our Share of FFO (Normalized) Reconciling Items from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		(374	)		2,874			(113.0	)%
FFO (Normalized)		$892,722			$857,757			4.1	%
Per Share Amounts (Fully Diluted Shares):
FFO (Nareit)		$1.76			$2.71			(35.1	)%
FFO (Normalized)		$3.04			$2.93			3.8	%
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding - Basic		291,936			290,812			0.4	%
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding - Diluted		293,965			292,444			0.5	%

(1) Includes depreciation expense related to owned real estate assets (land improvements, buildings, building improvements, leasehold improvements and racking), excluding depreciation related to real estate financing leases.

(2) Includes amortization expense for Data Center In-Place Lease Intangible Assets and Data Center Tenant Relationship Intangible Assets.

(3) Represents the tax impact of (i) the reconciling items above, which impact our reported net income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes but have an insignificant impact on our reported provision (benefit) from income taxes and (ii) other discrete tax items.

Full Year Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to FFO and AFFO (continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per-share data)
		Full Year 2023			Full Year 2022			% Change
FFO (Normalized)		$892,722			$857,757			4.1	%
Add / (Deduct):
Non-Real Estate Depreciation		191,785			157,892			21.5	%
Amortization Expense (1)		227,987			231,656			(1.6	)%
Amortization of Deferred Financing Costs		16,859			18,044			(6.6	)%
Revenue Reduction Associated with Amortization of Customer Inducements and Above- and Below-Market Leases		7,036			8,119			(13.3	)%
Non-Cash Rent Expense (Income)		25,140			19,056			31.9	%
Reconciliation to Normalized Cash Taxes		(14,826	)		(3,622	)		n/a
Our Share of AFFO Reconciling Items from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		4,868			4,135			17.7	%
Less:
Recurring Capital Expenditures		140,406			142,496			(1.5	)%
AFFO		$1,211,165			$1,150,541			5.3	%
Per Share Amounts (Fully Diluted Shares):
AFFO Per Share		$4.12			$3.93			4.8	%
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding - Basic		291,936			290,812			0.4	%
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding - Diluted		293,965			292,444			0.5	%

(1) Includes customer and supplier relationship value, intake costs, acquisition of customer relationships, capitalized commissions and other intangibles. Effective Q4 2023, our AFFO definition has been updated to exclude the amortization of capitalized commissions. Amortization expense of capitalized commissions was $43.4M and $40.6M for full year 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to FFO and AFFO (Recast to Updated Calculation)
(Dollars in thousands, except per-share data)
		Full Year 2022			Q1 2023			Q2 2023			Q3 2023			Q4 2023			Full Year 2023
Net Income		$562,149			$65,535			$1,143			$91,391			$29,194			$187,263
Add / (Deduct):
Real Estate Depreciation (1)		307,895			76,129			81,558			80,430			83,928			322,045
(Gain) Loss on Sale of Real Estate, Net of Tax		(94,059	)		(15,746	)		(1,853	)		750			193			(16,656	)
Data Center Lease-Based Intangible Assets Amortization (2)		16,955			6,129			4,907			7,482			3,804			22,322
Our Share of FFO (Nareit) Reconciling Items from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		—			132			562			679			853			2,226
FFO (Nareit)		$792,940			$132,179			$86,317			$180,732			$117,972			$517,200
Add / (Deduct):
Acquisition and Integration Costs		47,746			1,595			1,511			9,909			12,860			25,875
Restructuring and Other Transformation		41,933			36,913			45,588			38,861			53,853			175,215
Loss (Gain) on Disposal/Write-Down of PP&E, Net (Excluding Real Estate)		1,564			4,550			(1,417	)		(5,116	)		6,290			4,307
Other Expense (Income), Net, Excluding our Share of Losses (Gains) from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		(83,268	)		17,491			58,694			(17,626	)		40,332			98,891
Stock-Based Compensation Expense		56,861			12,509			22,373			18,313			20,604			73,799
Non-Cash Amortization Related to Derivative Instruments		9,100			5,834			5,817			5,270			4,176			21,097
Real Estate Financing Lease Depreciation		13,197			2,988			3,008			3,001			3,022			12,019
Tax Impact of Reconciling Items and Discrete Tax Items (3)		(25,190	)		(6,893	)		(13,278	)		(10,220	)		(13,050	)		(35,307	)
Our Share of FFO (Normalized) Reconciling Items from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		2,874			226			(500	)		(44	)		(56	)		(374	)
FFO (Normalized)		$857,757			$207,392			$208,113			$223,080			$246,005			$892,722
Add / (Deduct):
Non-Real Estate Depreciation		157,892			40,948			49,765			49,500			51,572			191,785
Amortization Expense (1)		231,656			55,899			56,131			58,344			57,613			227,987
Amortization of Deferred Financing Costs		18,044			4,332			3,763			5,485			3,278			16,859
Revenue Reduction Associated with Amortization of Customer Inducements and Above- and Below-Market Leases		8,119			1,760			1,732			1,715			1,829			7,036
Non-Cash Rent Expense (Income)		19,056			7,436			6,603			6,119			4,982			25,140
Reconciliation to Normalized Cash Taxes		(3,622	)		3,157			(8,575	)		(8,364	)		7,090			(14,826	)
Our Share of AFFO Reconciling Items from our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		4,135			1,981			2,525			182			181			4,868
Less:
Recurring Capital Expenditures		142,496			27,663			32,967			34,861			44,916			140,406
AFFO		$1,150,541			$295,242			$287,090			$301,201			$327,634			$1,211,165
Per Share Amounts (Fully Diluted Shares):
FFO (Nareit)		$2.71			$0.45			$0.29			$0.61			$0.40			$1.76
FFO (Normalized)		$2.93			$0.71			$0.71			$0.76			$0.83			$3.04
AFFO Per Share		$3.93			$1.01			$0.98			$1.02			$1.11			$4.12
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding - Basic		290,812			291,442			291,825			292,148			292,328			291,936
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding - Diluted		292,444			293,049			293,527			294,269			295,014			293,965

 

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The Iron Mountain Stock at the time of publication of the news with a raise of +0,48 % to 63,38USD on Tradegate stock exchange (22. Februar 2024, 10:14 Uhr).