Zscaler Reports Second Quarter Fiscal 2021 Financial Results

Second Quarter Highlights

• Revenue grows 55% year-over-year to $157.0 million
• Calculated billings grows 71% year-over-year to $232.0 million
• Deferred revenue grows 60% year-over-year to $446.8 million
• GAAP net loss of $67.5 million compared to GAAP net loss of $29.2 million on a year-over-year basis
• Non-GAAP net income of $14.0 million compared to non-GAAP net income of $13.5 million on a year-over-year basis
  

SAN JOSE, Calif., Feb. 25, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Zscaler, Inc. (Nasdaq: ZS), the leader in cloud security, today announced financial results for its second quarter of fiscal year 2021, ended January 31, 2021.

"Businesses are accelerating their digital transformation, and this drove our strong second quarter results," said Jay Chaudhry, Chairman and CEO of Zscaler. "Our customers are turning to Zscaler’s Zero Trust Exchange to implement Zero Trust architecture to protect users, workloads and applications, and improve user experience. With strong momentum in our business, we will continue to aggressively invest to pursue our large market opportunity."

Second Quarter Fiscal 2021 Financial Highlights

• Revenue: $157.0 million, an increase of 55% year-over-year.
• Income (loss) from operations: GAAP loss from operations was $53.9 million, or 34% of total revenue, compared to $30.3 million, or 30% of total revenue, in the second quarter of fiscal 2020. Non-GAAP income from operations was $14.8 million, or 9% of total revenue, compared to $12.4 million, or 12% of total revenue, in the second quarter of fiscal 2020.
• Net income (loss): GAAP net loss was $67.5 million, compared to $29.2 million in the second quarter of fiscal 2020. Non-GAAP net income was $14.0 million, compared to $13.5 million in the second quarter of fiscal 2020.
• Net income (loss) per share: GAAP net loss per share was $0.50, compared to $0.23 in the second quarter of fiscal 2020. Non-GAAP net income per share was $0.10 for both the second quarter of fiscal 2021 and 2020.
• Cash flow: Cash provided by operations was $30.4 million, or 19% of revenue, compared to $5.4 million, or 5% of revenue, in the second quarter of fiscal 2020. Free cash flow was $18.0 million, or 11% of revenue, compared to negative $1.9 million, or negative 2% of revenue, in the second quarter of fiscal 2020. The free cash flow in the second quarter of fiscal 2020 was impacted by a $15.0 million cash payment as a result of a legal settlement agreement. Excluding this payment, free cash flow would have been $13.1 million, or 13% of revenue.
• Deferred revenue: $446.8 million as of January 31, 2021, an increase of 60% year-over-year.
• Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments: $1,444.7 million as of January 31, 2021, an increase of $74.2 million from July 31, 2020.
  
  

Recent Business Highlights

• Launched a security assessment program designed to help organizations assess the SolarWinds supply-chain attack, analyze potential impact on their organizations, and conform adherence to Zscaler’s recommended best practices.
  
  
• Recognized as the only Leader in the Gartner Magic Quadrant for Secure Web Gateways (December 2020). Zscaler was positioned furthest in "Completeness of Vision" and highest in "Ability to Execute" among all 12 vendors evaluated in the report. This marks the 10^th consecutive year Zscaler has been named a Leader in the Gartner Magic Quadrant for Secure Web Gateways.
  
  
• Delivered a successful virtual Zenith Live 2020, with keynote participants including leaders from Siemens, Hitachi America Ltd., and DB Schenker where they shared their experiences in driving secure, digital transformation beyond the limits of legacy thinking.
  
  
• Introduced Zscaler Cloud Platform (ZCP), a new approach that takes the operational complexity and headaches out of cloud workload security. The new solution minimizes attack surfaces and automates globally enforced security policies across an organization’s multi-cloud footprint. This extends a zero-trust approach to cloud workloads, delivering the same high performance and reliability to protect business applications and internet access.
  
  
• Reached a new milestone by surpassing 5,000 customers during the quarter, including 500 of the Global 2000.
  
  

Change in Non-GAAP Measures Presentation

Effective August 1, 2020, the beginning of our fiscal year ending July 31, 2021, we have presented employer payroll taxes related to employee equity award transactions, which is a cash expense, as part of stock-based compensation expense in our non-GAAP results. These payroll taxes have been excluded from our non-GAAP results because they are tied to the timing and size of the exercise or vesting of the underlying equity awards and the price of our common stock at the time of vesting or exercise may vary from period to period independent of the operating performance of our business. Prior periods amounts have been recasted to conform to this presentation.

Financial Outlook

For the third quarter of fiscal 2021, we expect:

• Total revenue of $162 million to $164 million
• Non-GAAP income from operations of $11 million to $12 million 
• Non-GAAP earnings per share of approximately $0.07, assuming approximately 146 million common shares outstanding
  
  

For the full year fiscal 2021, we expect:

• Total revenue of $634 million to $638 million
• Calculated billings of $820 million to $825 million
• Non-GAAP income from operations of $59 million to $61 million
• Non-GAAP net income per share of $0.39 to $0.40, assuming approximately 145 million to 146 million common shares outstanding

These statements are forward-looking and actual results may differ materially. Refer to the Forward-Looking Statements safe harbor below for information on the factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements.

Guidance for non-GAAP income from operations excludes stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes, amortization expense of acquired intangible assets, asset impairment related to facility exit, certain litigation-related expenses, amortization of debt discount and issuance costs and income tax effects generated by intangible assets acquired in business acquisitions. Guidance for non-GAAP net income per share includes the anti-dilutive impact of the capped call transactions entered into in connection with our convertible senior notes issued in June 2020. We have not reconciled our expectations to non-GAAP income from operations and non-GAAP net income per share to their most directly comparable GAAP measures because certain items are out of our control or cannot be reasonably predicted. Accordingly, a reconciliation for the guidance for non-GAAP income from operations and non-GAAP net income per share is not available without unreasonable effort.

Conference Call and Webcast Information

Zscaler will host a conference call for analysts and investors to discuss its second quarter fiscal 2021 earnings results and outlook for its third quarter of fiscal 2021 and full year fiscal 2021 today at 1:30 p.m. Pacific time (4:30 p.m. Eastern time).

Date:	Thursday, February 25, 2021
Time:	1:30 p.m. PT
Webcast:	https://ir.zscaler.com
Dial-in number:	918-922-3018

Upcoming Conferences

Third quarter of fiscal 2021 virtual investor conference participation schedule:

• JMP Securities Technology Conference
  Monday, March 1, 2021

• Morgan Stanley Technology, Media and Telecom Conference
  Tuesday, March 2, 2021

• Credit Suisse Software Investor Day
  Monday, March 8, 2021

• Truist Securities Technology, Internet and Services Conference
  Tuesday, March 9, 2021

• Loop Capital Markets Consumer, Industrials, and TMT Investor Conference
  Friday, March 12, 2021

Sessions which offer a webcast will be available on the Investor Relations section of the Zscaler website at https://ir.zscaler.com.

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, including statements regarding our future financial and operating performance, including our financial outlook for the third quarter of fiscal 2021 and full year fiscal 2021. There are a significant number of factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from statements made in this press release, including but not limited to: the duration and global impact of COVID-19 on our business, operations and financial results and the economy in general; our ability as an organization to acquire and integrate other companies, products or technologies in a successful manner; our limited operating history; our ability to identify and effectively implement the necessary changes to address execution challenges; risks associated with managing our rapid growth, including fluctuations from period to period; our limited experience with new product and subscription and support introductions and the risks associated with new products and subscription and support offerings, including the discovery of software bugs; our ability to attract and retain new customers; the failure to timely develop and achieve market acceptance of new products and subscriptions as well as existing products and subscription and support; rapidly evolving technological developments in the market for network security products and subscription and support offerings and our ability to remain competitive; length of sales cycles; and general market, political, economic and business conditions.

Additional risks and uncertainties that could affect our financial results are included under the captions “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” set forth from time to time in our filings and reports with the Security Exchange Commission (SEC), including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2020 filed on September 17, 2020, as well as future filings and reports by us, copies of which are available on our website at ir.zscaler.com and on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. You should not rely on these forward-looking statements, as actual outcomes and results may differ materially from those contemplated by these forward-looking statements as a result of such risks and uncertainties. Additional information will also be set forth in other filings that we make with the SEC from time to time. All forward-looking statements in this press release are based on information available to us as of the date hereof, and we do not assume any obligation to update the forward-looking statements provided to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made.

Use of Non-GAAP Financial Information

We believe that the presentation of non-GAAP financial information provides important supplemental information to management and investors regarding financial and business trends relating to our financial condition and results of operations. For further information regarding why we believe that these non-GAAP measures provide useful information to investors, the specific manner in which management uses these measures, and some of the limitations associated with the use of these measures, please refer to the “Explanation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section of this press release.

About Zscaler

Zscaler (Nasdaq: ZS) accelerates digital transformation so customers can be more agile, efficient, resilient, and secure. The Zscaler Zero Trust Exchange protects thousands of customers from cyberattacks and data loss by securely connecting users, devices, and applications in any location. Distributed across more than 150 data centers globally, the SASE-based Zero Trust Exchange is the world’s largest in-line cloud security platform.

Zscaler and the other trademarks listed at https://www.zscaler.com/legal/trademarks are either (i) registered trademarks or service marks or (ii) trademarks or service marks of Zscaler, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Any other trademarks are the properties of their respective owners.

Investor Relations Contacts:

Bill Choi, CFA

SVP, Investor Relations and Strategic Finance
[phone]
[e-mail]

Natalia Wodecki
Media Relations Contact
[e-mail]

ZSCALER, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(unaudited)
	Three Months Ended								Six Months Ended
	January 31,								January 31,
	2021				2020				2021				2020
Revenue	$	157,044			$	101,268			$	299,622			$	194,858
Cost of revenue (1) (2)	34,135				20,238				65,862				39,796
Gross profit	122,909				81,030				233,760				155,062
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing (1) (2)	110,403				61,621				207,292				121,032
Research and development (1) (2)	41,751				20,706				77,521				40,977
General and administrative (1) (3) (4)	24,653				28,983				45,512				41,608
Total operating expenses	176,807				111,310				330,325				203,617
Loss from operations	(53,898		)		(30,280		)		(96,565		)		(48,555		)
Interest income	755				1,855				1,695				3,877
Interest expense (5)	(13,245		)		—				(26,294		)		—
Other income (expense), net	518				(13		)		786				(42		)
Loss before income taxes	(65,870		)		(28,438		)		(120,378		)		(44,720		)
Provision for income taxes	1,671				716				2,169				1,510
Net loss	$	(67,541	)		$	(29,154	)		$	(122,547	)		$	(46,230	)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.50	)		$	(0.23	)		$	(0.91	)		$	(0.36	)
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted	135,024				128,408				134,238				127,978

⁽¹⁾ Includes stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes as follows:

Cost of revenue	$	3,308			$	1,648			$	6,574			$	3,062
Sales and marketing	33,864				13,033				66,518				23,619
Research and development	17,747				6,280				32,647				11,334
General and administrative	12,194				4,392				21,703				6,559
Total	$	67,113			$	25,353			$	127,442			$	44,574

⁽²⁾ Includes amortization expense of acquired intangible assets as follows:

Cost of revenue	$	1,503			$	205			$	3,007			$	410
Sales and marketing	73				8				146				16
Research and development	—				429				—				995
Total	$	1,576			$	642			$	3,153			$	1,421

(3) Includes asset impairment related to facility exit as follows:

$

—

$

316

$

416

$

316

(4) Includes litigation-related expenses as follows:

$

—

$

16,334

$

—

$

18,341

(5) Includes amortization of debt discount and issuance costs as follows:

$

12,882

$

—

$

25,572

$

—

ZSCALER, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
	January 31,				July 31,
	2021				2020
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	95,347			$	141,851
Short-term investments	1,349,402				1,228,722
Accounts receivable, net	170,412				147,584
Deferred contract acquisition costs	39,902				32,240
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	23,586				31,396
Total current assets	1,678,649				1,581,793
Property and equipment, net	90,527				75,734
Operating lease right-of-use assets	45,942				36,119
Deferred contract acquisition costs, noncurrent	95,044				77,675
Acquired intangible assets, net	20,871				24,024
Goodwill	30,059				30,059
Other noncurrent assets	8,325				8,054
Total assets	$	1,969,417			$	1,833,458
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	13,170			$	5,233
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	14,208				16,361
Accrued compensation	47,861				49,444
Deferred revenue	406,184				337,263
Operating lease liabilities	20,152				15,600
Total current liabilities	501,575				423,901
Convertible senior notes, net	887,186				861,615
Deferred revenue, noncurrent	40,633				32,504
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent	33,829				28,023
Other noncurrent liabilities	3,490				2,586
Total liabilities	1,466,713				1,348,629
Stockholders’ Equity
Common stock	136				133
Additional paid-in capital	964,214				823,804
Accumulated other comprehensive income	472				463
Accumulated deficit	(462,118		)		(339,571		)
Total stockholders’ equity	502,704				484,829
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,969,417			$	1,833,458

ZSCALER, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
	Six Months Ended
	January 31,
	2021				2020
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net loss	$	(122,547	)		$	(46,230	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization expense	13,327				7,508
Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets	3,153				1,421
Amortization of deferred contract acquisition costs	18,123				11,425
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	25,572				—
Non-cash operating lease costs	9,500				6,215
Stock-based compensation expense	118,565				42,242
Amortization (accretion) of investments purchased at a premium (discount)	5,446				(442		)
Deferred income taxes	(981		)		—
Impairment of assets	416				316
Other	59				248
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(24,681		)		(1,432		)
Deferred contract acquisition costs	(43,154		)		(15,690		)
Prepaid expenses, other current and noncurrent assets	6,722				(3,981		)
Accounts payable	4,627				(603		)
Accrued expenses, other current and noncurrent liabilities	1,733				(1,243		)
Accrued compensation	(1,583		)		3,475
Deferred revenue	78,884				28,820
Operating lease liabilities	(9,245		)		(5,189		)
Net cash provided by operating activities	83,936				26,860
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Purchases of property, equipment and other assets	(19,403		)		(15,099		)
Capitalized internal-use software	(4,272		)		(4,273		)
Purchases of short-term investments	(419,638		)		(147,543		)
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments	283,815				126,013
Proceeds from sale of short-term investments	11,500				—
Net cash used in investing activities	(147,998		)		(40,902		)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	11,245				6,758
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under the employee stock purchase plan	8,563				5,334
Payment of deferred consideration related to a business acquisition	(2,250		)		—
Net cash provided by financing activities	17,558				12,092
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(46,504		)		(1,950		)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	141,851				78,484
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	95,347			$	76,534
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to the condensed consolidated balance sheets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	95,347			$	76,534
Restricted cash, current and noncurrent	—				—
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	95,347			$	76,534

ZSCALER, INC.
Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
	Three Months Ended								Six Months Ended
	January 31,								January 31,
	2021				2020				2021				2020
Revenue	$	157,044			$	101,268			$	299,622			$	194,858
Non-GAAP Gross Profit and Non-GAAP Gross Margin
GAAP gross profit	$	122,909			$	81,030			$	233,760			$	155,062
Add:
Stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes	3,308				1,648				6,574				3,062
Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets	1,503				205				3,007				410
Non-GAAP gross profit	$	127,720			$	82,883			$	243,341			$	158,534
GAAP gross margin	78		%		80		%		78		%		80		%
Non-GAAP gross margin	81		%		82		%		81		%		81		%
Non-GAAP Income from Operations and Non-GAAP Operating Margin
GAAP loss from operations	$	(53,898	)		$	(30,280	)		$	(96,565	)		$	(48,555	)
Add:
Stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes	67,113				25,353				127,442				44,574
Litigation-related expenses	—				16,334				—				18,341
Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets	1,576				642				3,153				1,421
Asset impairment related to facility exit (1)	—				316				416				316
Non-GAAP income from operations	$	14,791			$	12,365			$	34,446			$	16,097
GAAP operating margin	(34		)%		(30		)%		(32		)%		(25		)%
Non-GAAP operating margin	9		%		12		%		11		%		8		%

___________

⁽¹⁾ Consists of asset impairment charges related to the relocation of our corporate headquarters.

ZSCALER, INC.
Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(unaudited)
	Three Months Ended								Six Months Ended
	January 31,								January 31,
	2021				2020				2021				2020
Non-GAAP Net Income per Share, Diluted
GAAP net loss	$	(67,541	)		$	(29,154	)		$	(122,547	)		$	(46,230	)
Stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes	67,113				25,353				127,442				44,574
Litigation-related expenses	—				16,334				—				18,341
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	12,882				—				25,572				—
Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets	1,576				642				3,153				1,421
Asset impairment related to facility exit (1)	—				316				416				316
Provision for income taxes (2)	—				—				—				—
Non-GAAP net income	$	14,030			$	13,491			$	34,036			$	18,422
GAAP net loss per share, diluted	$	(0.50	)		$	(0.23	)		$	(0.91	)		$	(0.36	)
Stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes	0.46				0.19				0.88				0.33
Litigation-related expenses	—				0.12				—				0.13
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	0.09				—				0.18				—
Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets	0.01				—				0.02				0.01
Asset impairment related to facility exit (1)	—				—				—				—
Provision for income taxes (2)	—				—				—				—
Adjustment to total fully diluted earnings per share (3)	0.04				0.02				0.07				0.02
Non-GAAP net income per share, diluted	$	0.10			$	0.10			$	0.24			$	0.13
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares used in computing GAAP net loss per share, diluted	135,024				128,408				134,238				127,978
Potentially diluted shares	10,719				8,255				10,180				8,865
Antidilutive impact of capped call transactions (4)	(1,120		)		—				(317		)		—
Weighted-average shares used in computing non-GAAP net income per share, diluted	144,623				136,663				144,101				136,843

___________
⁽¹⁾ Consists of asset impairment charges related to the relocation of our corporate headquarters.

⁽²⁾ We use our GAAP provision for income taxes for purposes of determining our non-GAAP income tax expense. The difference between our GAAP and non-GAAP income tax expense represents the effects of stock-based compensation expense recognized in foreign jurisdictions and any income tax benefits associated with business combinations. There were no income tax benefits associated with business combinations in all periods presented. The income tax benefit related to stock-based compensation expense included in the GAAP provision for income taxes was not material for all periods presented.

⁽³⁾ The sum of the fully diluted earnings per share impact of individual reconciling items may not total to fully diluted Non-GAAP net income per share due to the weighted-average shares used in computing the GAAP net loss per share differs from the weighted-average shares used in computing the Non-GAAP net income per share and due to rounding of the individual reconciling items. The GAAP net loss per share calculation uses a lower share count as it excludes potentially dilutive shares, which are included in calculating the non-GAAP income per share.

⁽⁴⁾ We exclude the in-the-money portion of our convertible senior notes for non-GAAP weighted-average diluted shares as they are covered by our capped call transactions. Our outstanding capped call transactions are antidilutive under GAAP but are expected to mitigate the dilutive effect of our convertible notes and therefore are included in the calculations of non-GAAP diluted shares outstanding.

ZSCALER, INC.
Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
	Three Months Ended								Six Months Ended
	January 31,								January 31,
	2021				2020				2021				2020
Calculated Billings
Revenue	$	157,044			$	101,268			$	299,622			$	194,858
Add: Total deferred revenue, end of period	446,817				280,022				446,817				280,022
Less: Total deferred revenue, beginning of period	(371,900		)		(245,869		)		(369,767		)		(251,202		)
Calculated billings	$	231,961			$	135,421			$	376,672			$	223,678
Free Cash Flow
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	30,404			$	5,431			$	83,936			$	26,860
Less: Purchases of property, equipment and other assets	(10,499		)		(4,889		)		(19,403		)		(15,099		)
Less: Capitalized internal-use software	(1,871		)		(2,471		)		(4,272		)		(4,273		)
Free cash flow	$	18,034			$	(1,929	)		$	60,261			$	7,488
As a percentage of revenue:
Net cash provided by operating activities	19		%		5		%		28		%		14		%
Less: Purchases of property, equipment and other assets	(7		)%		(5		)%		(7		)%		(8		)%
Less: Capitalized internal-use software	(1		)%		(2		)%		(1		)%		(2		)%
Free cash flow margin	11		%		(2		)%		20		%		4		%

ZSCALER, INC.
Explanation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to our results determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP), we believe the following non-GAAP measures are useful in evaluating our operating performance. We use the following non-GAAP financial information to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that non-GAAP financial information, when taken collectively, may be helpful to investors because it provides consistency and comparability with past financial performance. However, non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP. In particular, free cash flow is not a substitute for cash used in operating activities. Additionally, the utility of free cash flow as a measure of our liquidity is further limited as it does not represent the total increase or decrease in our cash balance for a given period. In addition, other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate similarly-titled non-GAAP measures differently or may use other measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of our non-GAAP financial measures as tools for comparison. A reconciliation of our historical non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable financial measures stated in accordance with GAAP has been included in this press release. Investors are cautioned that there are a number of limitations associated with the use of non-GAAP financial measures and key metrics as analytical tools. Investors are encouraged to review these reconciliations, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.

Expenses Excluded from Non-GAAP Measures

Stock-based compensation expense is excluded primarily because they are non-cash expenses that management believes are not reflective of our ongoing operational performance. Effective August 1, 2020, the beginning of our fiscal year ending July 31, 2021, we have presented employer payroll taxes related to employee equity award transactions, which is a cash expense, as part of stock-based compensation expense in our non-GAAP results. These payroll taxes have been excluded from our non-GAAP results as these are tied to the timing and size of the exercise or vesting of the underlying equity awards and the price of our common stock at the time of vesting or exercise, which may vary from period to period independent of the operating performance of our business. Prior period amounts have been recasted to conform to this presentation. Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets is excluded because these are considered by management to be outside of our core business operating performance. Asset impairments related to facility exit costs are excluded because such charges are not reflective of our ongoing operational performance. Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs from our convertible senior notes are excluded because they are non-cash expenses and are not reflective of our ongoing operational performance. We also exclude certain litigation-related expenses consisting of professional fees and related costs incurred by us in defending against significant claims that we deem not to be in the ordinary course of our business and, if applicable, actual losses and accruals related to estimated losses in connection with these claims. There are many uncertainties and potential outcomes associated with any litigation, including the expense of litigation, timing of such expenses, court rulings, unforeseen developments, complications and delays, each of which may affect our results of operations from period to period, as well as the unknown magnitude of the potential loss relating to any lawsuit, all of which are inherently subject to change, difficult to predict and could adversely affect our results of operations. We estimate the tax effect of these items on our non-GAAP results and may adjust our GAAP provision for income taxes, if such effects have a material impact to our non-GAAP results.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Non-GAAP Gross Profit and Non-GAAP Gross Margin. We define non-GAAP gross profit as GAAP gross profit excluding stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes and amortization expense of acquired intangible assets. We define non-GAAP gross margin as non-GAAP gross profit as a percentage of revenue.

Non-GAAP Income from Operations and Non-GAAP Operating Margin. We define non-GAAP income from operations as GAAP loss from operations excluding stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes, amortization expense of acquired intangible assets, asset impairment related to facility exit and certain litigation-related expenses. We define non-GAAP operating margin as non-GAAP income from operations as a percentage of revenue.

Non-GAAP Net Income per Share, Diluted. We define non-GAAP net income as GAAP net loss plus stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes, amortization expense of acquired intangible assets, asset impairment related to facility exit, amortization of debt discount and issuance costs, certain litigation-related expenses, income tax effects generated by the effects of stock-based compensation expense recognized in foreign jurisdictions and any income tax benefits associated with business combinations. We define non-GAAP net income per share, diluted, as non-GAAP net income divided by the weighted-average diluted shares outstanding, which includes the dilutive effect of potentially diluted common stock equivalents outstanding during the period and the antidilutive impact of the capped call transactions entered into in connection with our convertible senior notes issued in June 2020.

Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow Margin. We define free cash flow as net cash provided by operating activities less purchases of property, equipment and other assets and capitalized internal-use software. We define free cash flow margin as free cash flow divided by revenue. We believe that free cash flow and free cash flow margin are meaningful indicators of liquidity information to management and investors about the amount of cash generated from our operations that, after the investments in property, equipment and other assets and capitalized internal-use software, can be used for strategic initiatives.

Calculated Billings. We define calculated billings as total revenue plus the change in deferred revenue in a period. Calculated billings in any particular period aims to reflect amounts invoiced for subscriptions to access our cloud platform, together with related support services related to our new and existing customers. We typically invoice our customers annually in advance, and to a lesser extent quarterly in advance, monthly in advance or multi-year in advance.